Sisan, mun lo be yen sisan?

Kuran ka yɛlɛmani be kɛ cogo di n’a be yɔrɔ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnin dɔ la, ani mun na o kɔrɔtanin lo koo bɛɛ la k’a ta .litiyɔmu batiriw minw be se ka yɛlɛma .telefɔni ɲumanw na ka taga n’u ye izini ka elekitoroniki la? Sisan, densitɛri be ɲiningali kɔrɔtanin nin jaabi ni kuran hakɛ min be bɔ yɔrɔ dɔ la min be tɛmɛ yɔrɔ dɔ la, o hakɛ hakɛ min be sɔrɔ o la. O miiriya jɔnjɔn b’a yira ni litiyɔmu batiriw be wari minɛ cogo ɲuman na wala n’u be tiɲɛni kɛ joona joona, ni semi-conducteur be baara kɛ ka ɲɛ wala n’a be dɛsɛ ka kasaara sɔrɔ, ani ni ɛlɛkitorokimiki baara be taga ɲɛ wala n’a be fiɲɛw lawuli. Ni an be baara kɛ ni kuran ye, o b’a to ɛnzeniyɛriw be se ka baara kɛcogo fisaya, ka fɛɛnw kɛcogo fɔ ka kɔn ani ka dilan cogo dɔw labɛn minw be fanga di ni lakanali gwɛlɛyaw ye.

O la, a be se ka kɛ ko mɔgɔw be ɲɔgɔn sɔsɔra.

Sisan, densitɛri be kuran ka kuran tilan yɔrɔ dɔ la min be yɛlɛma yɛlɛma wala min be sɔrɔ ɛlɛkitorodi kɔnɔ, min be suma ni ampɛriw ye mɛtɛrɛ mɛtiri (A/m2) wala ampɛriw la yɔrɔ kelen kelen bɛɛ la (A/cm2). A tɛ i n’a fɔ kuran bɛɛ, min b’a yira i la dɔrɔn charge be bɔ sisitɛmu dɔ kɔnɔ, yɛlɛmani hakɛ b’a yira yɔrɔ min na ani cogo min na o charge be tɛmɛ minan ka cross-} yɔrɔ la.

O miiriya bɔra Maxwell ka ɛkuwasiyɔnw na minw be sɔrɔ kuranmafɛnw la, yɔrɔ min na James Clerk Maxwell ye jɛnɲɔgɔnya min be kuran yɔrɔw ni sisan ka bɔli cɛ saan 1861. Bi, o be kɛ i n’a fɔ ɛlɛkitorokimiki ɛnzeniyɛri ka boon saba dɔ, ka fara fanga ni fanga kan, o min be kɛ sababu ye ka sɛgɛsɛgɛri kɛ walisa ka sɛgɛsɛgɛri kɛ ka sɛgɛsɛgɛri kɛ.

Mun na sisan ka caya nafa ka bon ka tɛmɛ yɛlɛmani bɛɛ kan:Batiri min be se ka yɛlɛma 2 aperes la, o mankan be se ka fɔ fɔɔ i b’a faamu ko kuran be sinsin 0,5 cm2 ɛlɛkitorodi kan, min be 4 A/cm2-well ka 2 A/cm2 threshold sanfɛ, yɔrɔ min na litiyɔmu be teliya grafiti anodiw kan litiyɔmu batiriw kɔnɔ. O danfara min be yen sisan ni yɔrɔ min be yɛlɛma yɛlɛma, o lo b’a yira n’i ka kuran mobili batiri be se ka to 1 000 charge la wala a be tiɲɛ 300 la.

Ka kɛɲɛ ni MIT ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli baarada ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli ye min gansira saan 2024 kɔnɔ, sisan yɛlɛmani minw be tɛmɛ 25% kan, olu be litiyɔmu-yɔn dɔgɔya ni 40% ye ka tɛmɛ tilanyɔrɔ kelen kan. O sɛgɛsɛgɛli ye jagokɛyɔrɔ 847 sɛgɛsɛgɛ ani a y’a ye ko dilanbagaw be se ka baara kɛ ni 10% ye, o b’a yira ko u ka yɛlɛmani be se ka kɛ 2 000 ye.

Fɛɛn saba b’a to bi tile ka elekitorosimiki sisitɛmuw ka ca:

1. Minɛnw hakɛ:O yɔrɔ la, mɔgɔw be se ka ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ ka ɲɔgɔn minɛ, ka ɲɔgɔn sɛgɛsɛgɛ. Sɛgɛsɛgɛli minw kɛra Stanford Inivɛrisite ka batiri laboratuwari la (2024) y’a yira ko sisan ka ca ni 5 mA/cm2 ye litiyɔmu nɛgɛ anodiw kan, o min be se ka batiriw dan ani ka kɛ sababu ye ka funteni boli.

2. Labɛnni kinɛtiki kɔlɔsili:Electrochimique ka yɛlɛmaniw be kɛ elekitorodi yɔrɔw la yɔrɔ minw na kuran ka caya be nɔɔ to yɛlɛmaniw hakɛ kan. Butler-Volmer ɛkuwasiyɔn, min ye ɛlɛkitorosimi ye, o b’a yira ko sisan ka densitɛri be taga ɲɔgɔn fɛ ni fanga ye min be se ka kɛ ka tɛmɛ a kan, o be se ka kɛ sababu ye ka dɔ fara a kan.

3. Nafoloko yɛlɛmani:Lizini ka elekitoroniki la, ka dɔ fara kuran hakɛ kan ni 50% ye, o be se ka kɛ siɲɛ fila ye, nka ka tɛmɛ sɔngɔ ɲumanw kan, o be fiɲɛw lawuli minw ka ɲi ka baara kɛ tugun. 2023 sɛgɛsɛgɛli min kɛra jamana ka sariyaw ni fɛɛrɛko baarada fɛ, o y’a yira ko elekitoroniki baarakɛcogo minw be sisan hakɛw mara dilanbaga -n kɔnɔ, olu be fiɲɛ hakɛ dɔgɔya ka bɔ 8,2% la ka taga se 1,3% ma.

Sisan, mɔgɔ saba minw be yen sisan, olu .

Sisan, mɔgɔw ka caya be basigi boon jɔnjɔn saba kan minw be a ka jatebɔ ɲɛfɔli, a farikolo kɔrɔfɔli ani a ka baarakɛcogo ɲuman dafa.

Pilasiyɔn fɔlɔ: Vekitɛri ka jogo n’a ka koow kɛcogo .

Sisan, densitɛri ye vekitɛri yɔrɔ ye, o kɔrɔ ko a bonya n’a ka sira be yɔrɔ bɛɛ la. vekitɛriJyɔrɔ minw be chargement ɲuman fan fɛ, ani bonya min be yɛlɛmani yira yɔrɔ kelen kelen bɛɛ la, o be bɛn n’o sira ye.

J = I / A

Min:

J= kuran vekitɛri (A/m2)

I=bɛɛ ka yɛlɛmani (A)

A=croass-}yɔrɔ (m2)

O vekitɛri cogoya be kɛ kɔrɔfɔli ye dugukoloko gɛlɛnw na. Miiri k’a filɛ, nɛgɛ min be ni silindiriki ye ani a be ni ampre 5 ye ani a bonya be se milimɛtiri 2 ma. Kuran hakɛ min be sɔrɔ, o be bɛn:

J=5 A / (π × 0.0012 m2)=1,592,000 A/m2 ≈ 159 A/cm2

Ka sanga ɲɔgɔn ma, zira so juru tali be baara kɛ 1-3 A/cm2 la, k’a sɔrɔ superconducteurs be se ka sisan ka hakɛw minɛ minw ka ca ni 100 000 A/cm2 ye sanni u k’u ka zero-resistance sifaw bɔnɛ.

Pilɛri filanan: Jɛnɲɔgɔnya min be kɛ ni wari ye .

Mikroskopi hakɛ la, kuran ka densitɛri be taga ni chargeurs ka hakɛ n’a teliya ye (elektron minw be nɛgɛw la, iyɔn minw be elekitorolitiw kɔnɔ):

J = n × q × v

Min:

n=chargeur (min be mɔgɔw ladon/m3)

q=chargeur (C) .

v= yɛlɛmani teliya vekitɛri (m/s)

O ɛkuwasiyɔn b’a yira fɛɛn min kama fɛɛn suguya caaman be baara kɛ cogo wɛrɛ la. Kuran be zira kɔnɔ 8,5 × 102222222222222 kɔnɔ, o be se ka kɛ sababu ye ka yɔrɔ minw be yɛlɛma yɛlɛma, u be se ka yɛlɛma yɛlɛma. O tɛ, elekitoroliti minw be batiriw kɔnɔ, olu be ni iyɔnw ye 1022⁶ iyɔn/m3 ɲɔgɔn na, o min b’a to mɔgɔw be teliya caaman sɔrɔ walisa ka se ka baara kɛ ni iyɔnw ka fanga ye.

2024 ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli dɔ kɛra ka bɔ Argonne National Laboratory sumanw na litiyɔmu- batiri elekitorolitiw la ani a y’a ye ko 1 mA/cm2 kuran hakɛ la, litiyɔmu iyɔnw be tagama 0,3 μm/s ɲɔgɔn na, k’a sɔrɔ ɛlɛkitoron minw be zira yɛlɛmalan kɔnɔ, olu be tagama joona hali n’u be yɔrɔ kelen na. u ka kunnafoniw sababu fɛ.

Pilɛri sabanan: Jɛnɲɔgɔnya min be kɛ .

Sisan, mɔgɔw ka caya be taga ni kuran ye Ohm ka sariya fɛ a ka yɔrɔ cogoya la:

J = σ × E

Min:

σ=kuran yɛlɛmani (S/m)

E= kuran ka vekitɛri (V/m)

O jɛnɲɔgɔnya b’a yira fɛɛn min kama fɛɛn minw ka yɛlɛmani ka dɔgɔ, u ka ɲi ka kuran yɔrɔ barikamanw lo ɲini walisa ka se ka baara kɛ ni kuran ye. Kuran (σ ≈ 5,96 × 10⁷ S/m), ka 100 A/cm2 mara, o be 1,68 V/m dɔrɔn lo ɲini. Silisiyɔn (σ ≈ 1.56 × 10⁻3 S/m), ka se ka kuran hakɛ kelen sɔrɔ, o be kuran yɔrɔ min be 641 000 V/m-, o ɲɛfɔ ka ɲɛfɔ mun na semi-conducteur minɛnw be baara kɛ ni fanga ye min ka bon n’u farikolo yɔrɔw ye.

Jaa 1nan: Jatikalanw sɛgɛsɛgɛri min be kɛ ni mɔgɔw ye .

Jɛnkuluw ni barokɛcogow .

Sisan, densitɛri be baara kɛ ni yɔrɔ sifa caaman ye ka kɛɲɛ ni baarakɛcogo ye:

SI yɔrɔ fɔlɔ:A/m2 (ampree mɛtiri kelen kelen bɛɛ la)Ɛnsɛniyeri jɛnkulu min ka ca:A/cm2 (1 A/cm2=10,000 A/m2)Kuranko yɔrɔ:mA/cm2 (1 mA/cm2=10 A/m2)Mikroelektroniki yɔrɔ:A/mm2 (1 A/mm2=1,000,000 A/m2)

Baro misaliya min ɲɛsinna batiri baarakɛcogo ma: Litiyɔmu-iyɔn bateriw ka ɲɛfɔli b’a yira ko charge hakɛ min be 2C la 3000 mAh hakɛ la, o be se ka kɛ 25 cm2 ɛlɛkitorodi yɔrɔ ye.

Sisan=3000 mAh × 2=6000 mA=6 mA=6 A / 25 cm2=0.24 A/cm2} mA/cm2 25.

O 240 mA/cm2 sɔngɔ be sɔrɔ 100-300 mA/cm2 hakɛ kɔnɔ, batiri dilanbagaw b’a yira ka gwɛ ko a be se ka charge teliya la, a be se ka yɛlɛma joona joona ka ɲɛsin elekitorodi tiɲɛni ma.

Kɔrɔfɔli minw be kɛ ka mɔgɔw ka koow cogoya yira .

Aplikasiyɔn suguya caaman be yɛlɛmaniw ɲɛfɔ yɔrɔ minw na farikolo yɔrɔw be yɛlɛma ka kɛɲɛ ni farikolo cogoya ye:

Litiyɔmu pilaki dancɛ grafiti anodiw kɔnɔ:1.5-2.5 mA/cm2 (o be yɛlɛma ni funteni ni elekitoroliti ye). O dancɛ sanfɛ, litiyɔmu nɛgɛ be bila anodi yɔrɔ la sanni a ka don grafiti la, o be se ka kɛ sababu ye ka lakanali faratiw lawuli. Tesla ka 2024 batiri sɛgɛsɛgɛri sɛbɛ y’a yira ko ka chargeur hakɛ mara 1,8 mA/cm2 la degere 20 la, o be litiyɔmu plati min be se ka ye, o be se ka ye 1 500 ye.

Superconductor ka yɛlɛmani hakɛ:A be se ka kɛ ka kɛɲɛ ni minanw ye; YBCO (Yttrium Barium zira Oksidi) 77K la: 1-5 MA/cm2 (ampatɛri miliyɔn kelen kelen bɛɛ). N’an y’o nafa caya, o be Cooper fila fila tiɲɛ ani ka superconducteur ka cogoya tiɲɛ.

Elɛkitorolizi ka baarakɛcogo dancɛ:Jii elekitorolisi ta fan fɛ ni platinum catalits ye, sisan hakɛ min be 200-500 mA/cm2 cɛ, o be idɔrɔzɛni dilan ka ɲɛ ni 70-80% ye. 200 mA/cm2 duguma, elekitorodi ka ca kojugu be se ka tununi fanga sɔrɔ; 500 mA/cm2 sanfɛ, ohmic rezistansi min be elekitoroliti kɔnɔ, o be kɛ dan ye min be dan sigi.

Jatebɔ fɛɛrɛ min be kɛ ka dugukolo jɛɛw lajɛ .

Tiɲɛn lo ko -} diɲɛ kɔnɔfɛnw man teli ka kɛ ni geometri nɔgɔmanw ye. Ɛnsɛniyeriw be baara kɛ ni fɛɛrɛ caaman ye walisa ka gwɛlɛya ɲɛnabɔ:

Fɛɛrɛ 1nan: Yɔrɔ min be se ka baara kɛ ka ɲɛElektrɔdi minw ka ca batiriw ni taji seliliw kɔnɔ, kuran ka caya be baara kɛ ni yɔrɔ ɲuman ye i n’a fɔ porozite yɔrɔw:

J_a ka=I / (A_geometri × gɛrɛntɛ_fakitɛri)

Batiri-grade grafiti anodiw ka teli ka 10-30 sɔrɔ, o kɔrɔ ko 10 cm2 be 100-300 cm2 di yɔrɔ min be baara kɛ ni ɛlɛkitoroniki ye. O la, 5A chargeur dɔ be tilan yɔrɔ nin bɛɛ la, min be yɛlɛmani ɲuman dɔgɔya ni 10-30× factor kelen ye.

Fɛɛrɛ 2nan: Element sɛgɛsɛgɛri .Bi batiriw marali fɛɛrɛw ka bɔ baarakɛyɔrɔw la i n’a fɔ BorgWarner, u be baara kɛ ni jatebɔ jii yɛlɛmani ye walisa ka jateminɛ kɛ ka kɛɲɛ ni sisan ka yɔrɔw tilannin ye:

Non-}uniform elɛkitorodi gɛrɛntɛ

Funteni yɛlɛmani

Jamana-of-charge yɛlɛmaniw

Elɛkitoroliti dɔgɔyali

U ka 2024 sɛbɛn gwɛman b’a yira ko FEA- min basiginin be yɛlɛmani kan, o ye batiri tiɲɛni hakɛ dɔgɔya ni 23% ye kuran ka mobili baarakɛcogo la, k’a lɔn ani ka yɔrɔw nɔgɔya yɔrɔ minw na, yɔrɔ min be yɛlɛma, o ka ca ni 3,5 m2- ye.

Jaa 2nan: Minɛnw ani baarakɛcogo .

Sisan, wasa min be sɔrɔ batiriw la .

Batiri fɛɛrɛ ye bi tile baarakɛcogo ye min kɔrɔtanin lo ka tɛmɛ bi kan. Batiri minw be se ka yɛlɛma, kɛrɛnkɛrɛnniya la, litiyɔmu- minw basiginin be simiw kan, u be baara kɛ ni sisan hakɛ tigitigi ye walisa ka chargement teliya kɛ ni sii jan ye. Batiri sifa caaman be muɲu a ka yɔrɔw la minw tɛ kelen ye:

Litiyɔmu- batiriw:

O baara tɔgɔ: 50-200 mA/cm2

Sɔngɔ teliman: 200-400 mA/cm2

Peak bɔli: 400-800 mA/cm2

Damage threshold: >1000 mA/cm2 .

Batiri minw be weele ko litiyɔmu, olu:

Operasiyɔn latanga:<50 mA/cm²

Dendrite formation risk: >50 mA/cm2 .

Sɛgɛsɛgɛli minw kɛra ka bɔ Kalifɔrni San Diego kalansoba la (2024) y’a yira ko litiyɔmu nɛgɛ anodiw be se ka sisan hakɛw minɛ fɔɔ ka se 200 mA/cm2 ma n’u be baara kɛra ni fɛn barikamanw ye{2}}}electrolyte yɔrɔw la, minw be 4× yɛlɛmani yira litiyɔmu nɛgɛ gwansan kan. O ɲɛtaga tun be se ka kɛ sababu ye ka miniti 15 charge wagati kɛ kuran mobili minw be kilomɛtɛrɛ 300 bɔ.

Batiri sɛgɛsɛgɛli yɛrɛ yɛrɛ la:

Bi, Ammerex Technology Co. Limited (CATL), o min ye diɲɛ ka batiri dilanbagaba ye, a ye sɛgɛsɛgɛri kɛ u ka batiri Qilin kan saan 2024. O dilanfɛn be se ka 255 Wh/kg fanga hakɛ sɔrɔ k’a sɔrɔ a be sisan ka fanga hakɛ mara 8% kɔnɔ 120 cm2 bɔrɔw kɔnɔ. Ka kɛɲɛ n’u ka ɛnzeniyɛri sɛbɛw ye, o kelenya be bɔ:

Kuran min be se ka yɛlɛma, o ka bon:Ka yɛlɛma ka bɔ 8 μm la seliliw gɛrɛfɛ ka taga se 12 μm ma yɔrɔ cɛmancɛ la, o be geometriki ka yɛlɛmaniw nɔgɔya .

Tafe bilayɔrɔ yɛlɛmani:Fɛɛn naani minw be sɔrɔ ɛlɛkitorodi kelen kelen bɛɛ la, u fila be dɔgɔya ni 35% ye .

Funteni marali:Nɛnɛkili min be kɛ ni fanga ye, o be funteni hakɛ mara degere 5 duguma, o be yɛlɛmani bali minw be kɛ sababu ye ka mɔgɔw hakɛ caya min tɛ-}uniformity .

O jaabi: yɛlɛmani ka ɲɛnamaya ka ca ni 1 500 ye 2C charge/scharge hakɛ la, yɔrɔ min na ka ɲɔgɔndan kɛ, o be tiɲɛ kosɛbɛ yɛlɛmani 800 tɛmɛnin kɔ.

Sisan, mɔgɔw be se ka ɲɔgɔn sɔsɔ cogo min na, o be se ka kɛ .

Industriel électronique, elɛkitoronin, ani elekitoroniki be baara kɛ cogo min na, o be bɔ sisan ka sɛgɛsɛgɛri la min be kɛ ni kuran ye:

Kɔrɔmu min be se ka yɛlɛma:

O yɔrɔ la, mɔgɔw be se ka ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ: 30-50 A/dm2 (300-500 A/m2)

Koli funteni: degere 45-50

Depozisiyɔn hakɛ: 25-30 μm/lɛrɛ .

Mobili dilanbagaba dɔ ka 2023 ka baarakɛcogo sɛgɛsɛgɛli b’a yira ko ka 40 A/dm2 laɲini ±5% kɔnɔ, o be chrome fɛnw dilan ka kɛɲɛ ni 99,2% ye-pass sɔrɔ fɔlɔ. Dɔgɔya minw be tɛmɛ ±10% kan, olu be fiɲɛ yetaw lawuli minw be se ka bɔ ani k’u labɛn kokura.

Kuran ka elekitororefisinɛ:

O yɔrɔ la, mɔgɔw be se ka ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ: 200-300 A/m2

Kurun saniyacogo ɲuman: 99,5% → 99,99%

Nafolo hakɛ: Kuran ka caya be dɔ fara a kan nka a be saniya dɔgɔya .

Duniɲa kuru bɛɛ ka ziratɔn y’a fɔ ko bi tile elekitororefinw be baara kɛ 250{{5}280 A/m2 la, o be 99,995% bɔ zira katori saniyaninw na k’a sɔrɔ 100-150 kg/m2/m. A ɲini k’a ɲini ka 350 A/m2 ka yɔrɔw yɛlɛma minw ka ca ni 350 A/m2 ye minw be tɛmɛ elekitoroniki-kalan kɛcogo kan.

Sisan, mɔgɔw be se ka ɲɔgɔn sɔsɔ .

Circuit intégrabilité intégrability be bɔ ɛlɛkitoroma bɔli la, o ye dɛsɛ fɛɛrɛ ye min be bɔ sisan ka caya la:

Kuran min be bɔ jamana wɛrɛw la:1 MA/cm2 ɲɔgɔn be se ka kɛ aliminiyɔmu ye, 5-10 MA/cm2 ka zira ɲɔgɔndanw kɛ degere 100 ye.

Komi transistorw be dɔgɔyara ka tugu Moore ka sariya kɔ, ɲɔgɔndan min be kɛ ɲɔgɔn fɛ, o be dɔgɔya, o be yɛlɛmaniw lawuli ka taga farikolo dancɛw fan fɛ. Saan 2024 ka rapɔɔri dɔ min bɔra IMEC fɛ (Mikoroelics Centre) y’a yira ko 3nm baarakɛcogo node chips be ɲɔgɔn minɛ 3-8 MA/cm2 la, min be ruteniyɔmu walima kobaliti nɛgɛ ɲini walisa ka elekitorodiw ka dɛsɛw bali ka kɛ saan 10 kɔnɔ, o min be kɛ saan 10 kɔnɔ.

Ɲɛyirali:

Intel ka saan 2024 ka fɛɛrɛ sɛbɛnw u ka Intel 4 baarakɛcogo kama, o be sisan ka densitɛri marali ɲɛfɔ fanga dicogo ɲɔgɔndanw na. Gɛlɛya: ka 200A di CPU dɔ ma min be di CPU dɔ ma, o be sɔrɔ 15mm yɔrɔ la pake kɔnɔ.

Fɛɛrɛw lɔcogo:

Die- fan:50 μm- bɛɛ ka zira min be ɲɔgɔn minɛ 5 MA/cm2 hakɛ la .

Paki-sitɛni:200 μm- bɛɛ ka zira tagamasiɲɛw 500 kA/cm2 .

Fanga dicogo:85% ka baarakɛcogo min be mara ni IR jiginin ye ka se 50mV ma, o be kɛ ni paralɛlizasiyɔnba ye min be kuran tilan 500+ ɲɔgɔndanw bɛɛ la .

O boon lɔli be se ka kɛ ni 10 MA/cm2 dancɛ ye, yɔrɔ min na elekitorodi teliya tun bena to ka tiɲɛ fɔɔ ka taga se wagati jan ma.

Jaa 3nan: Sumanni ani optimisation .

Sumanni fɛɛrɛw .

Ka yɛlɛma hakɛ suma, o be fɛɛrɛ tilenninw lo ɲini sabu kɔrɔsili tilennin tun bena kuran ka yɔrɔ tiɲɛ:

Fɛɛrɛ 1nan: Sisan, yɔrɔ min be weele ko Lɔn ni yɔrɔ lɔnniya .

O fɛɛrɛ nɔgɔman be kuran hakɛ bɛɛ suma ni shunt is resistorw ye k’a sɔrɔ a be yɔrɔ jati ka bɔ farikolo sumaninw na:

J {{0}Sɛbɛn / A_geometri

Tiɲɛn na, dan minw be yen:

Yɔrɔ sumaninw lɔnniya: ±2-5% ka kɛ ɛlɛkitorodiw ye .

Sisan, tilanyɔrɔ miiriya: a be 10-30% fili don sisitɛmu minw tɛ kelen ye .

A ka kan ka kɛ: Kalite kɔlɔsili, baarakɛcogo kɔlɔsili .

Fɛɛrɛ 2nan: Sisan, mɔgɔw be tilan yɔrɔ minw na, u be se ka tilan .

Batiri marali fɛɛrɛw be baara kɛ ni sisan ka fɛnw lajɛnni ye minw be ni sisan ka fɛnw ye:

Bi batiri sɛgɛsɛgɛli yɔrɔ minw be sɔrɔ Arbin Instruments kɔnɔ, olu be ni elekitorodiw ye minw tilannin lo ka kɛ 16-64 yɔrɔw ye, u kelen kelen bɛɛ kɔlɔsira u yɛrɛ ma. 2024 sɛgɛsɛgɛli min kɛra ni o fɛɛrɛ ye, o y’a ye ko litiyɔmu-iyɔn bɔrɔ seliliw be 40-80% yɛlɛmaniw yira 40-80% cɛ, yɔrɔ ni cɛmancɛ yɔrɔw cɛ charge teliya wagati la, ani gɛrɛfɛlaw be 1,8× sɔrɔ geometriki kɔlɔlɔw fɛ.

Fɛɛrɛ 3nan: Mapping .

Non- in sumanni sumanin be baara kɛ ni magneti ye min be bɔ ni jii bɔli ye:

B = (μ₀ / 4π) ∫ (J × r̂) / r2 dV .

Min:

B= magnɛti (T) .

μ₀=yɔrɔ gwansan (4π × 10⁷ H/m) .

r̂= vekitɛri min be bɔ sisan ka taga se sumanin yɔrɔ ma .

Sɛgɛsɛgɛrikɛlaw minw be Oak Ridge National Laboratory la, olu ye magnetorsitive sensorw labɛn minw be se ka mɔgɔw ka densitɛri tilanyɔrɔw yira batiriw kɔnɔ baara wagati la ni yɔrɔ 1 ye. U ka 2024 gafe b’a yira ko yɔrɔ minw be sɔrɔ, olu be ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ ni yɔrɔ minw be ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ, minw be taga ni daminɛ- ye, minw be sɔrɔ kɔfɛ-sontem sɛgɛsɛgɛli la.

Fɛɛrɛw

Fɛɛrɛ 1nan: Geometri dilancogo .

Elɛkitorodi geometri min be yɛlɛma yɛlɛma, o be kuran tilan cogo kelen na:

Tab bilayɔrɔ ɲuman:Simulasiyɔn kalanw b’a yira ko dual-tab dilan cogow be dɔgɔya ka tɛmɛ 25-40% kan ka tɛmɛ tab kelen-kelenw kan .

Ɛlɛkitorodi faan hakɛ:Height{{0}to}to-width ratiow 1:2 ni 1:4 cɛ, o be se ka yɛlɛma yɛlɛma geometriki dancɛw la .

Tasuma min be sɔrɔ ka ɲɛ:N’an be yɛlɛma dɔɔni dɔɔni, o be yɛlɛma dɔɔni dɔɔni sira kan, o be to ka yɛlɛma yɛlɛma tuma bɛɛ hali ni ohmik tununi .

2024 ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli min kɛra sɛgɛsɛgɛrikɛlaw fɛ Michigan kalansoba la, o y’a yira ko litiyɔmu-yɛtɛsi yɛlɛmani be dɔgɔya ni 2.3:1 ye ka taga se 1.3:1 ma, o min be yɛlɛma ka kɛ 35% ye.

Fɛɛrɛ 2nan: Fɛɛnw ka baarakɛcogo .

Ka yɛlɛma yɛlɛma, o be dɔ bɔ kuran ka yɔrɔ la min ka ɲi ka kɛ walisa ka se ka baara kɛ ni kuran ye:

Fɛɛn minw be fara a kan, u be sɔrɔ elekitorodiw kɔnɔ:Karibɔni finman, karbɔni nanotubuw, walima grafɛn farali 2-5% la, o be dɔ bɔ ɛlɛkitorodiw ka fanga la ni 60-80% ye .

Elɛkitoroliti yɛlɛmani:Ka litiyɔmu kɔgɔ hakɛ caya ka bɔ 1,0M la ka taga 1,5M la, o be iyɔnw yɛlɛmani fisaya ni 40% ye, o be se ka kɛ 30% ye min be se ka to sen na .

Sisan, mɔgɔw be se ka ɲɔgɔn lajɛn:Ka yɛlɛma ka bɔ aliminiyɔmu la (konduktivite: 3,8 × 10⁷ S/m) ka taga zira la (5,96 × 10⁷ S/m) elekitorodi fila nunu na, o be dɔ bɔ fɛnw lajɛnbagaw ka fanga la ni 36% ye.

Fɛɛrɛ 3nan: Baarakɛcogo min be kɛ ka baara kɛ

Sisitɛmuw be baara kɛ cogo min na, o be nɔɔba to sisan ka caya tilannin kan:

Batiri teliya-charge protocole minw bɔra EV dilanbagabaw fɛ (2024 ka kunnafoniw):

Tesla Supercharger V4:O la, a be se ka kɛ ko mɔgɔw be ɲɔgɔn minɛ cogo min na, o be yɛlɛma ka bɔ 300 mA/cm2 la 10% jamana-.charge (SOC) la ka taga se 100 mA/cm2 ma 80% SOC la, k’a yɛlɛma ka litiyɔmu yɛlɛma .

Porsche Taykan:Baarakɛlaw be charge 1 Hz la ni 400 mA/cm2 ye ani 200 mA/cm2 hakɛ ye, o be polarizasiyɔn hakɛ dɔgɔya min be yɔrɔ minw be yɔrɔw la, u be se ka kɛ .

BYD Blade Batiri:A be baara kɛ ni funteni degere- ye, o be se ka kɛ 250 mA/cm2 ye degere 25-35 la nka a be dan 150 mA/cm2 ma degere 15 duguma yɔrɔ min na elekitoroliti yɛlɛmani be dɔgɔya 60%

Sɛgɛsɛgɛli minw kɛra Danimarki ka fɛɛrɛw kan (2024) y’u suma ni 250 mA/cm2 ye ka kɛɲɛ ni yɛlɛmaniw ye minw be yɛlɛma ka kɛɲɛ ni yɛlɛmani ye min basiginin lo tiɲɛn yɛrɛ yɛrɛ kan. Adaptatif fɛɛrɛ ye dɔ bɔ sisan ka yɛlɛmani na ni 47% ye ani ka yɛlɛmani ɲɛnamaya fisaya ka bɔ 1 100 la ka taga se 1 650 ma ka taga se 80% ma.

Sɔsɔli min be kɛ sisan, o ye kafo ye .

Ɲɛyirali 1nan: Wajibiyakow ɲɛfɔli .

Ka sisan ka yɔrɔw dantigɛli sigi sen kan, o be ɲini ka kɛ ni ɲɔgɔndan laɲini caaman ye:

Baarakɛcogo minw ka ɲi ka kɛ:

charge/scharge hakɛ min be sɔrɔ .

Fanga densitɛri laɲiniw

Kuran ka caya gɛlɛyaw

Ɲɛnamaya wagati ka laɲinitaw:

Lafiya wagati wala baarakɛcogo lɛrɛw .

A ka ɲi ka sɔn a ma .

A laban,-of- ɲɛnamaya seko marali

Lakanali gwɛlɛyaw:

A ka ca a la, a be se ka yɛlɛma .

Failire cogoya kunbɛnni (a ka funteni, yɔrɔ surunw)

Sariya labatoli (UL, IEC, ANSI ka sariyaw)

Misaliya la, a be se ka kɛ ka bɔ gridi kuran marali la:

Sisitɛmu: 1 MWh litiyɔmu-iyɔn min be kɛ ka frekansi labɛn Ka ɲɛsin: 1 MW (1C hakɛ) O baara be kɛ tuma bɛɛ: 0,5 MW (0,5C hakɛ) Cycle ka ɲɛnamaya laɲini: 5,000 ka yɛlɛmani dafanin: - O baara: 125 mA/cm3} Peak. baara: 250 mA/cm2 (80% baarakɛcogo) - Lakanali hakɛ: 312 mA/cm2 hakɛ (1,25× sanfɛla) {{17}Sɛbɛn yɔrɔ min ka ɲi: 4 000 cm2 seliliw kelen kelen bɛɛ la.

Tilanyɔrɔ 2nan: Dilanni ani ladegili .

Bi bi la, ɛnzeniyɛri baara be baara kɛ ni mult-fiziki ladegeli ye ka kɔn farikolo porototipi ɲɛ:

Baara kɛcogo ladegi:

Ɛlɛkitɔrɔsimiki modɛli:Newman-type modɛliw be danfara ɛkuwasiyɔn filaninw ɲɛnabɔ litiyɔmu hakɛ, sekow ani funteni hakɛ .

Sisan, tilanyɔrɔ sɛgɛsɛgɛli:A be Laplace ka ɛkuwasiyɔn sɛgɛsɛgɛ ka se ka kɛ yɔrɔ ye, ka ɔnsɛyi hakɛ jati ka bɔ yɛlɛmani na ani yɔrɔ ka kuran yɔrɔ la .

Modɛli modɛli:Fɛɛn fitininw ka funteni yɛlɛmani sɛgɛsɛgɛli ni sisan densitɛri ye i n’a fɔ volimetiritiri funteni bɔyɔrɔ (Q= J2 / σ)

Optimization:geometri, minanw ani baarakɛcogo yɛlɛmani itera la, walisa ka yɛlɛmani hakɛ dɔgɔya k’a sɔrɔ a be baara kɛra ni baarakɛcogo laɲiniw ye .

Batiri ladegeli porogaramu minw be bɔ baarakɛyɔrɔw la i n’a fɔ ANSYS ani COMSOL, o b’a to ɛnzeniyɛriw be se ka sɛgɛsɛgɛri kɛ cogo kɛmɛ caaman na minw be se ka dilan. 2024 sɛgɛsɛgɛli kalan dɔ y’a yira ko simulasiyɔn-drive designation ye farikolo porototipiw dɔgɔya ka bɔ 7,3 la ka kɛ 2,1 ye poroze kelen kelen bɛɛ la, yiriwali wagati surunya ni 60% ye.

Tilanyɔrɔ 3nan: Validi ani Iteration .

Farikolo sɛgɛsɛgɛli be simulasiyɔn ka kirayakow tiɲɛtigiya ani a be koo dɔw yira minw ma minɛ misaliyaw kɔnɔ:

Validasiyɔn kɔrɔbɔli sɛgɛsɛgɛli:

Kowupon- nivo sɛgɛsɛgɛli:Elɛkitorodi fitininw be jogo jɔnjɔnw sɛgɛsɛgɛ ni sisan ka ca ni yɔrɔ minw be kɔlɔsi .

Cell- nivo sɛgɛsɛgɛli:Full- prototype seliliw be charge-ɛsɛkɛli kɛ ni sisan ka caya kɔlɔsili ye .

Module- nivo sɛgɛsɛgɛli:Selili caman be tugu ɲɔgɔn kɔ/sariya la, o b’a yira ko tilanyɔrɔ tɛ yen sisan.

Sisitɛmu- nivo sɛgɛsɛgɛli:Batiri pake dafaninw be baara kɛ ni doni yɛrɛ yɛrɛw ye .

O sɛgɛsɛgɛri jɔnjɔnw:

Sisan, densitɛri hakɛ:A be suma ni sisan lajɛbagaw ye minw be ɲɔgɔn cɛ wala minw be tugu ɲɔgɔn kɔ-sontorm sɛgɛsɛgɛri .

Tilanni min be sɔrɔ yɔrɔ minw na:Jaa min be sɔrɔ baara wagati la, o b’a yira ko yɔrɔ minw be yen sisan, u ka ca yɔrɔ minw na, u be yɛlɛma yɛlɛma.

Degradasiyɔn sɛgɛsɛgɛri:Kasara hakɛ be dɔgɔya sisan hakɛ sifa caaman na, o be baara dancɛw sigi .

Sɛgɛsɛgɛri:Seliliw minw be kɛ ka farikolo yɔrɔw yɛlɛma, olu be tiɲɛni kɛcogow yira (SEI ka yiriwali, litiyɔmu pilati, elekitorodiw kari) ani a be taga ni yɔrɔ ka sisan ka caya tariki ye .

Batiri sɛgɛsɛgɛli yɔrɔ minw be ɲɛtaga sɔrɔ, u be baara kɛ ni tomogarafi ye (CT) walisa ka litiyɔmu hakɛ yɛlɛmani kariti seliliw kɔnɔ, nɛgɛso boli kɔfɛ ni sisan ka ca. Saan 2024 ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli dɔ kɛra Stanford ka SLAC jamana ka laboratuwari laboratuwari la, a ye baara kɛ ni sinkrotron X- jaaw ye k’a yira ko mara minw ka 40% sanfɛ, u ka ca, o ye 2,8× ye min be se ka kɛ 2,8× ye.

Ɲiningali minw be to ka kɛ .

Danfara juman lo be sisan ni sisan ka caya cɛ?

Sisan, a be kuran ka charge bɛɛ suma ni yɛlɛmalan ye (min be suma ni ampɛriw ye), k’a sɔrɔ sisan ka caya b’a yira cogo min na sisan be tilan yɔrɔ bɛɛ la (0}}soncelise yɔrɔ (min be suma ni ampɛriw ye mɛtɛrɛ kelen kelen bɛɛ la wala ampɛriw la santimɛtiri kelen kɔnɔ). Nɛgɛ min be ni amp 10 ye, o bɛɛ be ni yɛlɛmani kelen ye hali n’a ka bon, nka nɛgɛjuru misɛnnin dɔ ka ca ka tɛmɛ juru gwiliman dɔ kan min be ni yɛlɛmani kelen ye. O danfara kɔrɔtanin lo sabu minanw ka kalaya, k’u tiɲɛ ani k’u dɛsɛ cogo minw na, o be bɔ sisan ka caya la sanni ka kɛ yɛlɛmani bɛɛ ye.

Sisan, mɔgɔw ka caya be nɔɔ juman lo to batiri charge teliya kan?

Sisan, mɔgɔw ka caya be se ka kɛ sababu ye ka charges lafiyamanw hakɛ latigɛ batiriw kɔnɔ. O yɔrɔ la, mɔgɔw be se ka ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ joona joona nka u be se ka mɔgɔw ka yɔrɔw tiɲɛ joona joona ani u be dɔ fara lakanali faratiw kan. Litiyɔmu -on batiriw fanba be muɲu 200{{8}300 mA/cm2 ma walisa ka charge teliman kɛ, o be se ka kɛ 80% ye miniti 30{{9}45 kɔnɔ. Ka tɛmɛ yɔrɔ minw na, o be se ka kɛ sababu ye ka litiyɔmu plating, kɔrɔya teliya ani ka se ka thermal runaway kɛ. O la, a be se ka kɛ ko mɔgɔw be ɲɔgɔn minɛ cogo min na, o be yɛlɛma ka kɛɲɛ ni batiriw ka funteni, u ka chargement ye, ani u ka saanw ye walisa ka chargement teliya caya k’a sɔrɔ u be batiriw mara.

Mun lo be kɛ n’a ka ca a la, a ka ca kojugu?

O yɔrɔ la, mɔgɔw be se ka ɲɔgɔn minɛ cogo caaman na ka kɛɲɛ ni sisitɛmu ye. Batiriw kɔnɔ, kuran ka caya be litiyɔmu pilati lawuli anodiw kan, dendrite labɛnnin min be se ka separatɛriw, fanga barikaman -}}elektroliti ka yiriwali, ani ɛlɛkitorodiw ka kari ka bɔ mekaniki stress la. Elɛkitoron bilali la, yɛlɛmani min be kɛ ni kuran ye, o be yɛlɛma ka kɛ fɛnw ye minw ka gwɛlɛ ani u be se ka yɛlɛma. Semikonduktɛriw la, elekitoroniki bɔli teliya, o be kɛ sababu ye ka nɛgɛ yɛlɛma, ka yɔrɔ lakolon dilan ani ka circuit tiɲɛ. Funteni fana be fanga sɔrɔ ni yɛlɛmani ye min be kɛ ni yɛlɛmani ye sabu funteni hakɛ be tugu J2/σ kɔ (a ka ca a la, a be tila ni yɛlɛmani ye).

Yala yɛlɛmani be se ka kɛ koo jugu ye wa?

Ɔnhɔn, yɛlɛmani be se ka kɛ juguman ye jatikalan kɔrɔ la, o b’a yira ko kuran be bɔ yɔrɔ wɛrɛ la. Batiriw kɔnɔ, yɛlɛmani ɲuman min be kɛ, o be bɔ (siɲɛ min be bɔ terminal ɲuman kɔnɔ), k’a sɔrɔ yɛlɛmani jugu be charge (siriziki min be don terminal ɲuman kɔnɔ). Fiziki fiziki la, ɛlɛkitoroniki bɔli (min be kɛ ni yɛlɛmani ye min be kɛ tuma bɛɛ) ani dingɛw ka jigi (an ka yɛlɛmani ɲuman) be yɛlɛmani minw be kɛ, u be ɲɔgɔn lajɛn ka kɛ yɔrɔ bɛɛ la. Tagamasiɲɛw ka bɛnkan be bɔ koordinɛti ka sisitɛmu n’a baarakɛcogo la nka a be yɛlɛmani sira yira tuma bɛɛ ka ɲɛsin sɛgɛsɛgɛri sira dɔ ma.

I be se ka sisan ka sɛgɛsɛgɛri kɛ cogo di sɛgɛsɛgɛri sira fɛ?

Sisan, densitɛri sumani be se ka suma ni kuran hakɛ bɛɛ ye ni kuruwa{-cectionnel yɔrɔ dantigɛli ye. Ka geometri nɔgɔmanw ta, i ka ɔnsɛyi suma ni amètre ye ani ka densitɛri hakɛ jati k’a tilan ni yɔrɔ lɔnnin ye. Sisitɛmu gɛlɛmanw kama i n’a fɔ batiriw, ɛlɛkitorodi minw tilannin lo ani u kelen kelen bɛɛ kɔlɔsili be yɔrɔw tilan. Non-invasive fɛɛrɛw ye magnetikɛ foro kariti ye ni Hall sensɔriw ye (magnetiki yɔrɔ fanga be taga ni sisan ka caya ye Ampere ka sariya fɛ) ani infrarouges infrarouge (a ka yɛlɛmani be taga ni sisan ka gɛrɛntɛ ye). Sɛgɛsɛgɛli minw kɛra ka ɲɛ, olu be baara kɛ ni sinkrotron X- jaaw ye wala nɛtɔrɔn ka radiyogarafi ye walisa ka sɛkɛsiw ka caya tilanyɔrɔw yira baara wagati la.

Mun lo be jati ko a ka ca?

"High" current density is application-dependent and relates to material limits. For lithium-ion batteries, >300 mA/cm2 be jati ko a ka ca ani a be se ka tiɲɛ. Kunsigi juru la, sisan ka ca ni 10 A/cm2 ye min be se ka yɛlɛma kosɔbɛ. O la, a ka kan ka kɛ ko 1-10 MA/cm2 be sanfɛla dan yira sanni superconductivity be tiɲɛ. Lizini ka elekitoroniki be baara kɛ ka caya 10-100 A/dm2 (0,1-1 A/cm2) la, ani sɔngɔ minw ka ca, u be jati ko u ka jugu. Semiconduk ɲɔgɔndanw be to ka 1-10 MA/cm2 minɛ, ka surunya farikolo dan na yɔrɔ min na elekitorodi be se ka kɛ sababu ye ka dɛsɛ. Context koow-a ka ca a la, a ka ca min be kɛ baarakɛcogo dɔ la, o be se ka kɛ sababu ye ka mɔgɔ wɛrɛ minɛ.

Mun na batiriw be tiɲɛ joona ni kuran ka ca?

O yɔrɔ la, mɔgɔw be se ka ɲɔgɔn minɛ joona joona. A fɔlɔ, yɛlɛmani min be kɛ ni kuran ye, o be dɔ fara yɔrɔ ka funteni kan, o be dɔ fara funteni kan min be se ka yɛlɛma, ka kemikalifɛnw teliya minw be baara kɛ ni minanw ye minw be baara kɛ ani ka yɔrɔw latanga. A filanan, a ka ca a la, a be litiyɔmu hakɛ caya min be sɔrɔ ɛlɛkitorodiw kɔnɔ, o be na ni mekaniki gɛlɛya ani fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw farali ye min be baara kɛ. A sabanan, grafiti anodiw kan minw be sɔrɔ sisan ka ca ni 1,5-2,5 mA/cm2 ye, litiyɔmu pilaki minw be dugukolo kan sanni u ka don ɲɔgɔn na, ka litiyɔmu fɛnw dumu ani ka se ka kɛ farati ye. Nanan, ka dɔ fara kuran hakɛ kan, o be se ka kɛ sababu ye ka baara kɛ, ka baarakɛcogo tansɔnw ɲɔndi ka bɔ ɛlɛkitorokimiki finɛtiriw la minw be se ka yɛlɛma yɔrɔ minw na, elekitoroliti toli teliya be teliya. O fɛɛrɛw be ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ, o b’a yira fɛɛn min kama batiriw ka ɲɛnamaya be dɔgɔya ka taga n’a be caya ni yɛlɛmani ye.

Tagamasiɲɛw

Kuran hakɛ (J=I/A) be kuran ka kuran hakɛ jate yɔrɔ kelen kelen bɛɛ la., k’a yira yɔrɔ tilannin min na, sisan sumaninw bɛɛ be dibi. O danfara lo b’a yira ni sisitɛmuw be baara kɛ cogo ɲuman na wala u be dɛsɛ ka kɔn.

Minɛnw ni baarakɛcogo cogoya be sisan ka densitɛri hakɛw ɲɛfɔ minw be se ka sɔn .: litiyɔmu-iyɔn batiriw be muɲu 50{{4}300 mA/cm2 ma ka baara kɛ, zira juru be 1-10 A/cm2 minɛ elekitoroniki la, ani superconducteurs be se ka 1-10 MA/cm2 bɔ.

Batiriw ka baara n’u ka sii jan be bɔ sisan ka caya hakɛ la .: ka tilanyɔrɔ kelen mara 10-15% kɔnɔ ani ka to duguma ni minanw ye- kɛrɛnkɛrɛnninw ka dancɛw be yɛlɛma ni 40-60% ye ka tɛmɛ sisitɛmu ɲumanw kan. Sisan, densitɛri marali be se ka kɛ sababu ye ka chargeur telimanw kɛ k’a sɔrɔ a be litiyɔmu pilaki ni funteni boli bali.

Optimization be ɲini ka kɛ ni dilan cogo ye min be geometri, minanw ani baarakɛcogo sariyaw lajɛ .: elekitorodiw bilali be dɔ bɔ 25-40% la, fɛnw minw be yɛlɛma yɛlɛma, olu be tilanni sabati, ani chargement adaptablew be yɛlɛma yɛlɛma ka kɛɲɛ ni wagati yɛrɛ yɛrɛ ye walisa ka baarakɛcogo caya lakanali gɛlɛyaw kɔnɔ.

sɛbɛninw

Masasiw ka lɔnniya baarada ka lɔnniya baarada - "Kunfacili tilanni kɔlɔlɔw Lithium-Konw ka ɲɛnamaya kan" (2024) - https://dmse.it.edu/sɛgɛsɛgɛli

Stanford kalansoba la, sɛgɛsɛgɛli laboratuwari - "Dendiriw ka fɛɛrɛ minw be sɔrɔ Litiyɔmu nɛgɛ la" (2024) {{2} https://web.stanford.edu/kulu/kulu/

Jamana sariyaw ni fɛɛrɛw baarada - "Sariya min be se ka kɛ sababu ye ka baara kɛ ni sisan ka sɔsɔli ye" (2023) (2023) {{2} https://ww.gv/mml/mariliw-measusiye-siyesiyɔn

Argonne jamana ka laboratuwari min be laboratuwari - "Ion bolicogo minw be sɔrɔ Litiyɔmu kɔnɔ-Ion Batiri electrolytes" (2024) - https://www.anl.gv/cse/batteries/batteries .

Kalifɔrini San Diego Jacobs ka lɔnniyako kalanso - "SEI Layers artificiels les réculaire lithium Nɛgɛw" (2024) - https://jacobsde.edu/sɛgɛsɛgɛli

Duniɲa kuru bɛɛ ka zira tɔn - "Baarakɛla ka fɛɛrɛ min be weele ko 2023) - https://koperalliance.org/

IMEC ka sɛgɛsɛgɛlikɛyɔrɔ - "Elektɔrɔsi jamana na, mɔgɔw be se ka taga yɔrɔ wɛrɛw la" (2024) - https://www.imec-int.com/en/yiriwali .

Oak Ridge National Laboratory laboratuwari la, - "Baali min be kɛ ni fanga ye min be se ka suma ni fanga ye min be se ka baara kɛ ni fanga ye" (2024) - https://www.ornl.gov/directorate/esd .

Michigan Batiriw ka laboratuwari laboratuwari - "Jigiyɔrɔ min be se ka kɛ sababu ye ka mɔgɔw ka ɲɔgɔndan sigi litiyɔmu yɔrɔ la-Ionw ka ɲɔgɔndan na (2024) - https://suslab.engun.edu/

Technical University of Denmark Energy Systems - "Adaptive Charging Protocols for Lithium-Ion Battery Longevity" (2024) - https://www.dtu.dk/english/research/energy

Stanford SLAC National Laboratory - "Synchrotron X-Sɛgɛsɛgɛri min be kɛ sisan, o be nɔɔ min to sisan, o be nɔɔ min to batiriw kan" (2024) - https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/sɛgɛsɛgɛli

Tesla Batiri sɛgɛsɛgɛli jɛnkulu - "Sariya min be se ka kɛ ka ɲɛsin wagatijan ma, o ye ka wagatijan kɛ.

Bi, Ammerex Technology Co. Dancɛ (CATL) - "Kɛnɛyako lɔnniya sɛbɛn" (2024) - Fɛɛnw yiracogo

BorgWarner Batiri marali fɛɛrɛw - "Jaabi tilannin min be kɛ sisan, o ye 2024) - Ɛnsɛniyeri sɛbɛn gwɛman ye .